This study focuses on how Smart Supply Chain (SSC) contributes to enhancing Sustainable Supply Chain performance (SSCP) in the context of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and examines whether the relationship is mediated by Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) practices. This analysis is based on an empirical study involving 302 completed questionnaires collected from multinational enterprises in the logistics and supply chain management sector. The results reveal no direct effects of SSC on SSCP. Furthermore, SSC influences external and internal GSCM practices, and institutional pressures moderate the relationship. Likewise, external and internal GSCM practices significantly influence SSCP. Nevertheless, although a significant direct effect of SSC on SSCP is not found, GSCM indirectly affects SSCP through internal GSCM. The impact of SSC on SSCP is also sequentially mediated through external and internal GSCM practices. Additionally, the study reveals that internal GSCM is the most prioritized factor, followed by institutional pressure when using the ANN approach. The findings reveal important implications for stakeholders. They provide rational arguments that should motivate MNEs in the GCC region. In an emerging context, MNEs can leverage the recommendations from this study to enhance their sustainable supply chain performance.